Technology in Language Learning

Assignment: I.C.T  (Information Communication Technology)
Lecturer: HARTOYO, M.A,. Ph.D
Name: Muhamad Faisal Lubis
NIM: 0808066072

——————————–

Introduction

Technology in language teaching is not new. Indeed, has been around in language teaching for decades – one might argue for centuries, if we classify the blackboard as a form of technology.

Computer-based materials for language teaching, often referred to as CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning) appeared in the early 1980s. Early call programs typically required learners to respond to stimuli on the computer screen and to carry out task such as filling in gapped tests, matching sentence halves and doing multiple-choice activities. Probably one of the best-known early call activities is that of text reconstruction, where an entry text is blanked out and the learner recreates it by typing in words. For all these activities the computer then offers the learner feedback, ranging from simply pointing out whether the answer is correct or incorrect to providing more sophisticated feedback, such as showing why the learner is mistaken and offering remedial activities. The call approach is one that is still found on many published CD-ROMs for language teaching.

As access to information and communications technology (ICT) has become more widespread, so call has moved beyond the use of computer programs to embrace the use of the internet and web-based tools. Although the use of ICT by language teachers is still not widespread, the use of technology in the classroom is becoming increasingly important, and it will become a normal part of ELT practice in the coming years.

The unique property of the computer as a medium for education is its ability to interact with the student. Books and recordings can tell a student what the rules are and what the right solutions are, but they can not analyze the specific mistakes the student has made and react in a manner which leads him not only correct solution (Nelson, et al, 1976).

In the last of couple of years, amount of teachers use computer for assisting their language learning for learners. The computer may act as a teacher or tutor providing materials, guiding etc that might be assisted the learners how to learn it.

Acting as a tutor, however, is only one of the computer’s possible roles. The computer can be a partner for the learner to play educational games with, or, less glamorously, it can be used to generate examples, to illustrate certain operations, or to simulate conversation (Kenning, et al, 1984).

CAL and CALL

The CAL program refers to the learning involving the utilization of the computer (Hartoyo, 2008:21) in which students and the computer can inter-act each other, and in which the students are given a freedom to choose any topic of information and even to become a trouble.

The design of CALL lessons generally takes into consideration principles of language pedagogy, which may be derived from learning theories (behaviorist, cognitive, and constructivist) and second language learning such as Krashen’s Monitor Theory.

Another feature underlying the assumption that computer-based language instruction is better than any other non-computer mediated language instruction methods Is its ability to interact with learners; well designed computer mediated language instruction allows an extensive interaction between students and computers (Coburn, et al, 1985;Hope, at al, 1984; ahmad, et al, 1985)

Focus on Student Interaction and Student Centered Classrooms

Vygotsky’s (1978) social development theory has as its primary assumption that
interaction among students increases their mastery of the concepts in the tasks.  In other words, learning takes place in interaction among students before it becomes mental processes for the individual.  Vygotsky states:

“Every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (inter psychological) and then inside the child (intra psychological).” (p.57)

As more opportunities to use the language in meaningful situations increases, so does the acquisition of the second language.  Less teacher talk and more student talk in computer-mediated environments evidently translates into more use in more meaningful situations. Students who have more control over their own learning are also given the opportunity to make the learning more personally meaningful.

Perhaps one of the greatest challenges for Internet use concerns the use of the technology itself.  Technological difficulties such as busy lines, computer problems and lack of familiarity and training will evidently impact on the use of Internet in the classroom.

Advantages and disadvantages of CALL

The use of technology inside or outside the classroom tends to make the class more interesting. However, certain design issues affect just how interesting the particular tool creates motivation. New way a program or activity can promote motivation in students is by personalizing information, for example by integrating the student’s name or familiar contexts as part of the program or task. Others include having animate objects on the screen, providing practice activities that incorporate challenges and curiosity and providing a context that is not directly language-oriented.

Computers can give a new role to teaching materials. Without computers, students cannot really influence the linear progression of the class content but computers can adapt to the student. Adapting to the student usually means that the student controls the pace of the learning but also means that students can make choices in what and how to learn, skipping unnecessary items or doing remedial work on difficult concepts.

Such control makes students feel more competent in their learning. Traynor, Patrick (July 2003) Students tend to prefer exercises where they have control over content, such as branching stories, adventures, puzzles or logic problems. With these, the computer has the role of providing attractive context for the use of language rather than directly providing the language the student needs

The impact of CALL in foreign language education has been modest. The first is the limitations of the technology, both in its ability and availability and the simple availability of technological resources such as the Internet. However, most of the problems that appear in the literature on CALL have more to do with teacher expectations and apprehensions about what computers can do for the language learner and teacher. Often CALL is not implemented unless it is required even if training is offered to teachers.

Even teachers who may otherwise see benefits to CALL may be put off by the time and effort needed to implement it well. However “seductive” the power of computing systems may be retrieved on 2007-12-10 like with the introduction of the audio language lab in the 1960’s, those who simply expect results by purchasing expensive equipment are likely to be disappointed.

However, the most crucial factor that can lead to the failure of CALL, or the use of any technology in language education is not the failure of the technology, but rather the failure to invest adequately in teacher and the lack of imagination to take advantage of the technology’s flexibility, especially by administrators, and the human component necessary to make it beneficial is ignored. Under these circumstances, it is probably better to dispense with technology altogether.

Reference:
Ahmad, K., G. Corbett, M. Rogers, and R. Sussex. (1985). Computer, Language Learning and Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Coburn, P. et all. (1985). Particular Guide to Computers in Education. 2nd ed. Canada: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.

Gavin Dudeney and Nicky Hockly (2007). “how to teach English with technology”. England: person Long man.

Hartoyo, M.A.,Ph.D. (2006). “Individual Differences in Computer – Assisted Language Learning”. Semarang: Pelita insani.

Hope, G.R. et al. (1984). Using Computers in Teaching Foreign Language. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Kenning, M.J. and M.M Kenning. (1984). An Introduction to Computer Assisted Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Traynor, Patrick. (July 2003). “Effects of Computer-Assisted Instruction on Different Learners”. Journal of Instructional Psychology.

Vygotsky, L.S. (1978).  Mind in Society.  Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Right now, this word is “crazy” about facebook. Imagine that, by face book thousand people all over the world could share photos, information, comments, stories, hope, dreams and so on so far. Many facebook users are crazy with this site. And who’s the creator of facebook? The creator is not at all Mark Zuckerberg, who is 25 years old man. He’s still young. Due to facebook, now Zuckerberg changed to be the youngest billionaire.

Crazy about computer

Zuckerberg was born in New York, United States on May 14th 1984. Zuckerberg who comes from a rich family is a second child of four brothers and sisters. He passes his childhood in one of elite area, Dobbs Ferry, New York. His father, Edward Zuckerberg is a dentist and his mother, Karen works as psychiatrist.

Since in elementary school, Zuckerberg really likes playing computer. He doesn’t only enjoy staring to the various games but also, he masters in many computer programs. Beside that, he really likes to modify computer software that installed in the computer. In the youngest age, he could fix the computer. Yes, Zuckerberg is really crazy in computer.

Smart and Clever

Zuckerberg is indeed a smart boy. Beside he masters in computer in fact, in his junior high school he also able to show the other his wonderful talents. Zuckerberg had chosen as a math team in his school and got in to Olympiad team. He also joined in to music group and became a member of Latin language fans club.

In other word, Zuckerberg has lots of interests, and more which is related to science and technology. Unfortunately, not many people realize that in fact Zuckerberg is also good in fencing. He always exercise fencing and even active competes to represent his school.

Active to create

When he got in to Ardsley senior high school, his interest got into computer things points. In other word, every time Zuckerberg always think about computer. Not for the other. After he moved to Plillips Exeter Academy, New Hampshire, he still kept in his attention in computer.

In same level as senior high school that Zuckerberg got more creative with the computer without feeling tired. He doesn’t want to be only the computer user, but more than that. He wants to be a great software engineer (creator). Graduated from Senior high school, Zuckerberg continued his study in Harvard University, majoring psychology. Even thought in psychology, his interest and attention still in computer.

From Facemash to Facebook

In the begging, Zuckerberg made Synapse program, it’s a music player program and also could track down its music player taste. Then, Zuckerberg made Coursematch program that could able the collegians write their time tables in this site and look for their other friends who take the certain time table.

From Coursematch, Zuckerberg made Facemash. By the facemash program, Zuckerberg could take his friends photos that register in Harvard University. But by this program Zuckerberg got punishment and his facemash is closed. Zuckerberg didn’t get hopeless and continue to develop facemash to be facebook.

A common Billionaire

Because of he really enjoy designing facebook, unfortunately, he left his college in Harvard. What can’t it say? Soon facebook has known all over the world. Since it launched on February 4th 2004, and now it recorded, more than thousands people in active use facebook, included by iPhone and Blackberry. And this amount is getting more day by day.

Due to facebook, Zuckerberg changed to the youngest Billionaire. Now his asset is around over 14 billion rupiah. Every day, Zuckerberg goes to his office in Palo Alto, California that occupies in several buildings. However he’s rich, in fact Zuckerberg still live in normal way. Every day, he lives in a room in a common apartment. He usually takes a walk or riding a bike to his office.

Speaking English (speech)

This is an example for giving speech. We can modified as we want. In speech there are three part, Opening, Main idea and Conclution or closing. Now let’s see this example:

—————————————————————————————————

Opening:

Good morning ladies and gentlemen. I feel very happy to stand here for giving my speech. In this event, I would like to say thank you very much to all participants for coming here together for this event. Before I start my speech, let me introduce you my self. My name is Jacky Chun, here I’m the representative of the commitee in this event.  Today I’m going to give “speaking English” for my speech.

Main Idea:

Dear ladies and gentlemen and all my friends, as we know English is a language that spoken in many countries. Every body has known about English, also we study English at school from elementary to senior high school even in college. The question is “why is English?” Every body knows English is the international language.

By speaking English we can communicate to other people from many countries. Speaking English is not difficult if we want to study hard. Many things we can do to improve our English such as reading English book and stories, listen to English songs or watch English movies and also we should try to speak English all the time and with every one. In other word we make English a usual for us.

Well friends, if we to communicate in English, we should try to speak English to every one or in every where. Also we can ask our friends to practice English by sending messages, when we go for hangout to someplace or even we can make a friend through internet technology by chatting for example.

To communicate with another, we can start with the simple way, for example when we meet with someone we can greet by saying “hi, how do you do?” or even when our parent ask us to do something we can reply by saying “yes mom/dad, I will!”.

Conclusion and closing

Therefore, don’t be shy or afraid to speak English and even when we make a little mistake. What we should do, we keep improve our English every time and keep speaking English all the time. Well my friends I hope in this opportunity and start from now we should to speak English among us.

Well friends that’s all from me and I would like to say thank you very much to the committee for giving me an opportunity.

Thank you very much ladies and gentlemen and my dear friends.

Aristotle (384–322 BC)

Greek philosopher who advocated reason and moderation. He maintained that sense experience is our only source of knowledge, and that by reasoning we can discover the essences of things, that is, their distinguishing qualities. In his works on ethics and politics, he suggested that human happiness consists in living in conformity with nature. He derived his political theory from the recognition that mutual aid is natural to humankind, and refused to set up any one constitution as universally ideal. Of Aristotle’s works, around 22 treatises survive, dealing with logic, metaphysics, physics, astronomy, meteorology, biology, psychology, ethics, politics, and literary criticism.

Aristotle was born in Stagira in Thrace and studied in Athens, where he became a distinguished member of the Academy founded by Plato. He then opened a school at Assos. At this time he regarded himself as a Platonist, but his subsequent thought led him further from the traditions that had formed his early background and he was later critical of Plato. In about 344 BC he moved to Mytilene in Lesvos, and devoted the next two years to the study of natural history. Meanwhile, during his residence at Assos, he had married Pythias, niece and adopted daughter of Hermeias, ruler of Atarneus.

In 342 BC he accepted an invitation from Philip II of Macedon to go to Pella as tutor to Philip’s son Alexander the Great. In 335 BC he opened a school in the Lyceum (grove sacred to Apollo) in Athens. It became known as the ‘peripatetic school’ because he walked up and down as he talked, and his works are a collection of his lecture notes. When Alexander died in 323 BC, Aristotle was forced to flee to Chalcis, where he died.

Among his many contributions to political thought were the first systematic attempts to distinguish between different forms of government, ideas about the role of law in the state, and the conception of a science of politics.

In the Poetics, Aristotle defines tragic drama as an imitation (mimesis) of the actions of human beings, with character subordinated to plot. The audience is affected by pity and fear, but experiences a purgation (catharsis) of these emotions through watching the play. The second book of the Poetics, on comedy, is lost. The three books of the Rhetoric form the earliest analytical discussion of the techniques of persuasion, and the last presents a theory of the emotions to which a speaker must appeal.

His works were lost to Europe after the decline of Rome, but they were reintroduced in the Middle Ages by Arab and Jewish scholars and became the basis of medieval scholasticism.

His major writings on cosmology, or astronomy, are brought together in the four-volume Peri ouranou/On the Heavens. Aristotle rejected the notion of infinity and the notion of a vacuum. A vacuum he held to be impossible because an object moving in it would meet no resistance and would therefore attain infinite velocity. Space could not be infinite, because in Aristotle’s view, the universe consisted of a series of concentric spheres which rotated around the centrally placed, stationary Earth. If the outermost sphere were an infinite distance from the Earth, it would be unable to complete its rotation within a finite period of time, in particular within the 24-hour period in which the stars, fixed, as Aristotle believed, to the sphere, rotated around the Earth.

Aristotle’s work in astronomy also included proving that the Earth was spherical. He observed that the Earth cast a circular shadow on the Moon during an eclipse and he pointed out that as one travelled north or south, the stars changed their positions. Aristotle overestimated the Earth’s diameter by only 50%.

Aristotle saw nature as always striving to perfect itself. The principle of life he termed a soul, which he regarded as the form of the living creature, not as a substance separable from it. The intellect, he believed, can discover in sense impressions the universal, and since the soul thus transcends matter, it must be immortal. Art embodies nature, but in a more perfect fashion, its end being the purifying and ennobling of the affections. The essence of beauty is order and symmetry. Aristotle also first classified organisms into species and genera.

Islam Berkemajuan

Book Review: Islam Berkemajuan

By: Kyai Sudja

——————————————————

Assignment 1

Course: Philoshopy of Muhamadiyah

Lecturer: DR. Abdul Mukti, M.Ed.

Typed/Posted: Muhamad Faisal Lubis

Date: April 11th, 2009

——————————————————-

In Indonesia, there are two big Moslem organizations: Muhamadiah and NU (Nahdlatul Ulaama). As organization NU established in formal in 1926 fourteen years after Muhamadiah. The establishing of NU as an organization Deliar Noer (1982) said as responses of developing of Muhamadiah in many aspects and impact to increase of islam tradition. One of tradition that has been grown in NU and Muhamadiah Activists is giving anecdote and joke each other. One of that joke that Kyai Said Aqil Sirajt made in a meeting with Kyai Syuja, he told his experience to bring guest from Arabic visiting earthquake victims in Jogja. The Arabian said to him: “I saw many school, hospitals, dormitories in Jogja all of them are Muhamadiah, what’s NU doing?” Kyai Said said “What NU is doing, to make Muhamadiah board”

Kyai Haji Sudja who wrote “Islam berkemajuan” is one of direct student of Kyai Jahi Ahmad Dahlan. According to Kyai Sudja there are five foundation of “Islam Berkemajuan” they are: “Tauhid yang Murni”. Tauhid (monotheism) is a central doctrine of Islam. One of Muhamadian main mission is to set up the real monotheism. One of the mission is to persuade societies to the real faith (akidah) and to leave behavior that can break the faith. In around 1906 Kyai Dahlan with bravely said “ziarah kubur kufur, ziarah kubur musrik, dan ziarah kubur haram”. For Muhamadiah the prohibition of ziarah kubur is one way to keep of the pureness of faith. But if Moslems can keep their pureness of faith, ziarah kubur is permitted.

For the second “Memahami Alquran dan Sunnah secara mendalam”. For Muhamadiah, to have a religion have to base on Alquran and Sunnah. Muhamadiah forbid taklid  behavior. Muhamadiah doesn’t avoid opinions and madzhab, but doesn’t follow any madzhab as taken for granted. Therefore, each good work of Muhamadiah has direct reference from Alquran and Sunnah.

“Melembagakan amal shalih yang fungsional dan solutif” Trust in god (iman) is not complete without amal shalih. Amal shalih is an advantageous work, reflected to kindness of Islam and love and affection of Allah. Kyai Ahmad Dahlan emphasizes how important an idea and thought of having religion and giving. Also he said “talk less and do more”.

Fourth: “berorientasi kekinian dan masa depan” one of the cause of the decline of islam community is the over romantism in the past. There is not a doubt that Islam community has successes to get victorius through wonderful creation. According to Syafi Maarif (2009) that the greatest victory was the owner of intellectual and the owner who created it. It doesn’t belong to us. Islam community need to have realistic minded toward todays era.

Fifth: “bersikap toleran, moderat, dan suka bekerjasama” through the histories of K.H.A Dahlan and the first era of Muhamdiah show what a tolerant is, respectful each other and accommodation is the key factor the development of Muhamadiah.

The characters of K.H.A Dahlan, the first important issue for the reviewer of K.H.A Dahlan. Kyai Sudja who was the direct student of K.H.A Dahlan described how decent his character is. Even though K.H.A Dahlan was still young but he was very intellectual, broad-minded. Gentle patient, like to yield as far s not contradict to the religion laws. K.H.A Dahlan also braves enough to change the tradition which against the religion laws. The destruction of the society is from destruction of the government and the destruction of the leader who is not trusteeship, which he thought was logical.

The struggle of K.H.A Dahlan based on his taught, which he got from many teachers when he went to Mecca and from many books that he has read. K.H.A Dahlan has gone to Mecca two times so he could learnt form many people who lived in Mecca. First time when he went to Mecca he met with many people and also his original name Muhammad Darwisy changed to K.H.A Dahlan. The reason of changing the name because of religious reason because when someone perform hajj his name should be changed to a new name and because of the transformation of knowledge or after someone got new knowledge he/she should change the name.

After he got back from Mecca K.H.A Dahlan he was to be a teacher because he was talent of teaching. Sometime he taught his father’s students. K.H.A Dahlan was very serious to build Islam in Java land especially in his born place. He taught many people and also he build mosques also he was one of have knowledge of how to point Kiblat at the time.

K.H.A Dahlan founded Muhamadiah under influence by Budi Utomo. Because Budi Utomo has many people in organization with in educated at the time. And then K.H.A Dahlan set up the organization based on the Alquran even though many influence he got from other organization like from budi utomo. Beside that Muhamadiah has a lot of social work in education, health, economic improvement, for all that to improve our relationship in society. Because relationship each other is one of Islamic way.  Base on Muhamadiah education could change society to be a good way.

wait for your commets and feedback

thanks

Muhamad Faisal Lubis

for UHAMKA PPS 2009

Academic Speaking

Speaking is very useful for us, especially English. But how to speak in front of many audience is not a piece of cake. Because it’s hard for us to control our self to keep focus and control our main to stay relax. So it is why we’re learning “Academic Speaking”. I think it’s for train us to able speak in front of many audience.

And here are my friends in class learning Academic Speaking.

note: April 11th, 2009

thanks for your attention, hope you can enjoy that. I’m waiting for your feedback and your comments

regards,

Muhamad Faisal Lubis

ICT Presentation Ch1

This is our activity for learning ICT (Information Communication Tecnology). These are my friends presenting their paper.  They are Mr. Nanang, Mr Rizal, MS Tyas, Miss Lia. Their paper is CALL (Computer Assested Language Learning). I think, they’re pretty good.

Now let’s have a look their photos……..

Thanks and don’t forget to give your comments.

regards,

Muhamad Faisal Lubis